Economy of ancient Tamil country. Roman gold coins excavated in Pudukottai of Tamil Nadu. The economy of the ancient Tamil country Sangam era 2. Fallout New Vegas Prima Guide Rapidshare. BCE 2. 00 CE describes the ancient economy of a region in southern India that mostly covers the present day states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The main economic activities were agriculture, weaving, pearl fishery, manufacturing and construction. Paddy was the most important crop it was the staple cereal and served as a medium of exchange for inland trade. Pepper, millets, grams and sugarcane were other commonly grown crops. Madurai and Urayur were important centers for the textile industry Korkai was the center of the pearl trade. Industrial activity flourished. Inland trading was conducted primarily through barter in busy market places by merchant associations and commercial lending institutions. Merchants formed associations that operated autonomously, without interference from the state. The people of ancient Tamil country engaged in brisk overseas trade with Rome the trade reached a peak after the discovery of a direct route for merchant ships between Tamilakam and Egypt, taking advantage of the monsoon winds. Thirukkural With Meaning In Tamil Pdf Download' title='Thirukkural With Meaning In Tamil Pdf Download' />Free Tamil books online for download. Large collection of popular Tamil PDF eBooks and ePub Tamil eBooks. Topics include Tamil literature, stories, Siddha and health. The economy of the ancient Tamil country Sangam era 200 BCE 200 CE describes the ancient economy of a region in southern India that mostly covers the present. Pepper, pearls, ivory, textiles and gold ornaments were exported from Tamilakam, and the main imports were luxury goods such as glass, coral, wine and topaz. Foreign trade brought in a large amount of internationally convertible Roman currency. The state played an important role in building and maintaining infrastructure such as roads and portsfunded through taxationto meet the needs of economic and social activity. Wealth was unequally divided among the people, giving rise to distinct economic classes. AgricultureeditAgriculture was the main occupation of the ancient Tamils and the most respected. Farmers were aware of different soil types, the best crops to grow and the various irrigation systems suitable for any given region. In the five geographical divisions of the Tamil country in Sangam literature, the Marutam region was the most fit for cultivation, as it had the most fertile lands. Land was classified, according to its fertility, as Menpulam fertile land, Pinpulam dry land, Vanpulam hardland and Kalarnilam or Uvarnilam salty land. Menpulam yielded rich produce on a variety of crops, but Pinpulam was cultivated only with dry crops due to limited irrigation facilities. The yield from Vanpulam was limited, while Kalarnilam was unfit for cultivation. Some of the well known types of soil were alluvial soil, red soil, black soil, laterite soil and sandy soil. The Tamils cultivated paddy, sugarcane, millets, pepper, various pulses, coconuts, beans, cotton, plantain, tamarind and sandalwood. Paddy was the main crop, with different varieties grown in the wetland of Marutam, such as Vennel, Sennel, Pudunel, Aivananel and Torai. The peasants lived in groves of trees close to the farmlands and each house had jack, coconut, palm, areca and plantain trees. Peasants grew turmeric plants in front of their houses and laid flower gardens in between the houses. Corel Flow Project Flow Chart Download more. Farmers believed that ploughing, manuring, weeding, irrigation and the protection of crops must be done according to a specific method in order to obtain a good yield. A wide range of tools needed for agriculture, from ploughing to harvesting, were manufactured. The basic tool was the plough also known as meli, nanchil and kalappai. Palliyadutal referred to the process of removing weeds using a toothed implement attached to a plank and drawn by oxen. Lower class peasants used stone sling devices to scare animals and birds away from the standing crops. Sickles were used for harvesting mature rice paddies. Since the rivers of the region were not perennial, several irrigation techniques were developed to ensure an adequate and continuous supply of water. Farmers used a bullock propelled device called Kapilai for bailing out water from deep wells and a manual setup called Erram, for shallow wells. Tanks, lakes and dams were used as water storage systems and the water regulated using sluices and shutters. Kallanai, a dam built on river Kaveri during this period, is one of the oldest water regulation structure in the world. Surface irrigation, sprinkler mechanism and drip irrigation methods were followed to prevent wastage of water. Indian Economy Higher Secondary First Year A publication under Government of Tamilnadu Distribution of Free Textbook Programme NOT FOR SALE Untouchability is a sin. Kallanai is one of the oldest water regulation structures in the world. Most farmers cultivated their own plots of land and were known by different names such as Mallar, Ulutunbar, Yerinvalnar, Vellalar, Karalar and Kalamar. There were also absentee landlords who were mostly brahmins and poets who had received donations of land from the king and who gave these donations to tenant farmers. Sometimes independent farm laborers, known as Adiyor, were hired for specific tasks. Landlords and peasants paid tax on the land and its produce the land tax was known as Irai or Karai and the tax on produce was called Vari. One sixth of the produce was collected as tax. Taxes were collected by revenue officials known as Variya and Kavidi, who were assisted by accountants called Ayakanakkar. For survey and taxation purposes, various measurements were used to measure the land and its produce. Small lots of land were known as Ma and larger tracts as Veli. Produce was measured using cubic measures such as Tuni, Nali, Cher and Kalam and weight measures such as Tulam and Kalanju. IndustryeditDuring the Sangam age, crafts and trade occupations were considered secondary to agriculture. Free Hindi books online for download. Large collection of popular Hindi PDF eBooks. Topics include Hindi stories, Ayurveda and health. Related Tags Thriukkural in English Free download, Thirukkural pdf with meaning, Thirukural songs, Thirukkural stories for children, tamil poem, stories for children. Tamil . Literal Which character or habit that you cannot change at 5. Name etymology. The name Avvaiyar is a combination of Tamil word av vai with honorific suffix ar. Avvai refers to respectable elderly woman as the word ammai which. An English translation of Poet Nakeerars ThirumurugAtruppadai The classical Tamil poem ThirumurugAtruppadai was sung by the learned poet Nakkeerar son of Madhuraik. Carpenters crafted wooden wares and blacksmiths worked in simple workshops. Weaving, pearl fishing, smithy and ship building were prominent industries of ancient Tamilakam. Spinning and weaving was a source of income for craftsmen weaving was practised part time by the farmers in rural areas. Madurai and Urayur were important industrial centers, known for their cotton textiles. Muslin cloth was woven with fine floral work of different colors. Silk cloth was manufactured with its threads gathered in small knots at its ends. Clothing was embroidered for the nobles and aristocrats who were the main customers. Material was often dyed the blue dye for the loin cloth was a preferred color. Serial Port Event Labview Arduino'>Serial Port Event Labview Arduino. In addition to silk and cotton fabrics, cloth made of wood fibre called Sirai Maravuri and Naarmadi was used by the priestly class. The cloth manufacturers wove long pieces of cloth and delivered it to the dealers. The textile dealers then scissored off bits of required length, called aruvai or tuni, at the time of sale. Hence, the dealers were called aruvai vanigar and the localities where they lived aruvai vidi. Tailors, called tunnagarar in Madurai and other big towns, stitched garments. Pearl fishing was an important industry in ancient Tamilakam. Pearl fishing flourished during the Sangam age. The Pandyan port city of Korkai was the center of the pearl trade. Thirukkural With Meaning In Tamil Pdf WorldWritten records from Greek and Egyptian voyagers give details of the pearl fisheries off the Pandyan coast. According to one account, the fishermen who dove into the sea avoided attacks from sharks by bringing up the right whorled conch and blowing on the shell. Convicts were used as pearl divers in Korkai. The Periplus mentions that Pearls inferior to the Indian sort are exported in great quantity from the marts of Apologas and Omana. Pearls were woven together with muslin cloth before being exported and were the most expensive product imported by Rome from India. Free Tamil Books, Tamil PDF books collection for download. Here is a collection of popular Tamil e. Books, in PDF format, handpicked by Tamil. Cube for your reading pleasure If you want to read one book before you die let it be Thiruarutpa  for it contains solutions for all the problems of man mundane,spritual and divine. Here is a collection of popular Tamil e. Books, in PDF format, handpicked by Tamil.